Relative Clause

RELATIVE CLAUSE/ ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause is used to describe a noun. A relative pronounis usually used to introduce an adjective clause.

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE PRONOUN atau RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun.

Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:

• I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.Main Clause: I have read the book.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

• The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Orang)

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That

Who: used for humans in subject position (Subjek):

Examples :

-Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin

- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work

Whom: used for humans in object position (Objek kata kerja dan objek kata depan):
Examples :

-Marike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.

- He paid the man whom/that he had hired. (Objek kata kerja)

- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money. (objek kata depan)

Whose: used for humans, animalsi or objects to give information about their possessions (Kata Ganti Kepunyaan).

Examples :

- The girl whose dress is red is my best friend.

- This is the girl whose picture you saw.

2. Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Benda, Binatang)

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that

That: used for humans, animals and things, in subject or object position (Subjek) but see below:

Examples:

- Marike is decorating a house that Hans designed.

- Here is a book that describes animals.

Which: used for things and animals in subject or object position (objek kata kerja dan kata depan) :
Examples :

- Marike has a dog which follows her everywhere.

- The chair which he broke is being repaired. (objek kata kerja)

- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00. (objek kata depan).

3. Relative Adverbs

When: used for time (Kata Penghubung yang digunakan untuk menerangkan waktu)

Examples :

-My baby was born in the year when I moved to Italy.

- This is the year whenthe Olympic Games are held.

Where: used for places (Kata Penghubung yang digunakan untuk tempat)

Examples :

- The hotel where we stayed last summer was very beautiful.

Penggunaan WHO, WHOM, WHOSE

A. Penggunaan WHO vs WHOM

Relative pronoun who dan whom dua-duanya berarti “siapa” kalau digunakan dalam kalimat tanya dan noun clause. However, who dan whom dua-duanya akan berarti “yang” kalau digunakan dalam adjective clause.

Dalam formal writing or speaking, penggunaan who dan whom sedikit berbeda.

a. Penggunaan WHO vs WHOM dalam kalimat tanya

Dalam kalimat tanya (interrogative), who digunakan untuk menanyakan subject kalimat.

Pola penggunaan who adalah sebagai berikut:

Who + verb + object + …?

1. Who has this great car? (Siapa punya mobil bagus ini?).
2. Who was the first human to set foot on the moon surface? (Siapa orang yang pertama kali menginjakkan kaki di permukaan bulan?).
3. Who will accompany you to the party? (Siapa yang akan menemani kamu ke pesta itu?).

Kalau ketiga kalimat tanya di atas dijawab, maka akan terlihat bahwa who memang menggantikan subject kalimat.

1. My father has this great car. Atau disingkat:  My father does.
2. Neil Armstrong was the first human to set foot on the moon surface. Atau : Neil Armstrong was.
3. My cousin will. (Sepupuku).

Whom dalam kalimat tanya (interrogative) digunakan untuk untuk menanyakan object kalimat. Whom tidak pernah digunakan untuk menggantikan subject kalimat. Pola penggunaan whom adalah sebagai berikut:

Whom + auxiliary/kata bantu + subject + verb + …?

1. Whom do you love more? (Siapa yang lebih kamu cintai?).
2. For whom did he buy that necklace? For his girl friend? (Untuk siapa dia membeli kalung itu? Untuk pacarnya?).
3. With whom will you go to the party? (Dengan siapa kamu akan pergi ke pesta itu?).

Walaupun letak whom di awal kalimat, whom ini sebenarnya menanyakan atau menggantikan object kalimat. Perhatikan jawaban dari ketiga pertanyaan di atas berikut ini. (Yang dicetak tebal adalah kata-kata yang digantikan oleh whom dan berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.

1. I love you more. (Aku lebih mencintai kamu).
2. No, It was not for his girl friend. He bought that necklace for his sister. (Bukan, kalung itu bukan untuk pacarnya. Dia membeli kalung itu untuk adiknya). Dalam kalimat ini that necklace adalah direct object, sedangkan his sister adalah indirect object.
3. I will go to the party with my cousin. (Aku akan pergi ke pesta itu dengan sepupuku).

b. Penggunaan WHO vs WHOM dalam noun clause dan adjective clause

Penggunaan who dalam noun clause dan adjective clause adalah sama dengan penggunaan who pada kalimat tanya, yaitu untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai subject kalimat.

1. Would you tell me who has this car? (noun clause)
2. Neil Armstrong, who was the first human to set foot on the moon surface, is from the United States. (adjective clause).
3. I’d like to know who will accompany you to the party. (noun clause).

Dan begitu juga dengan penggunaan whom. Pada noun clause dan adjective clause, whom digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai object kalimat. Bedanya dengan kalimat tanya adalah tidak digunakannya atau tidak dilakukan inversi auxiliary ke depan subject kalimat. Dengan kata lain, setelah whom langsung diikuti oleh subject kalimat. Pola ini telah banyak dibahas pada topik: How to Address Questions dan Cara Membuat Embedded Questions.

1. Please tell me whom you love more! (Tolong kasi tahu aku siapa yang lebih kamu cintai). Noun clause. Perhatikan: kata bantu DO dihilangkan karena kata bantu DO tidak digunakan dalam embedded question.
2. Do you know for whom he bought that necklace? (Apakah kamu tahu untuk siapa dia membeli kalung itu?). Noun clause.
3. My cousin with whom I will go to the party is very pretty? (Sepupuku orang yang akan aku ajak ke pesta itu adalah sangat cantik). Adjective clause.

Remember: Selalu gunakan rules di atas in FORMAL writing or formal speaking (misalnya dalam ujian di sekolah dan test TOEFL).

In informal writing or speaking, however, native English speakers lebih sering menggunakan who untuk menggantikan object kalimat.

1. Please tell me who you love more!
2. Do you know who he bought that necklace for ?
3. My cousin who I will go to the party with is very pretty?

Selain itu, bule juga sering menggunakan THAT untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

1. The first human that set foot on the moon surface was Neil Armstrong. Adjective clause.
2. You’d better get dressed now because the beautiful girl that you told me last night will come over to our place in less than an hour. (Kamu sebaiknya ganti pakaian sekarang sebab cewek cantik yang kamu bilang ke aku tadi malam akan mampir ke tempat (rumah) kita dalam waktu kurang dari satu jam).

B. Penggunaan WHOSE

Relative pronoun whose jika digunakan dalam kalimat tanya juga berarti “siapa”, sedangkan jika digunakan dalam noun clause dan adjective clause biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi “nya”. Hal ini tergantung pada konteks kalimat.

a. Penggunaan WHOSE dalam kalimat tanya

Berbeda dengan penggunaan who dan whom, penggunaan whose pada umumnya diikuti oleh noun (i.e. whose + noun), dan digunakan untuk menyatakan kepemilikan  (siapa yang punya) noun tersebut. Pola kalimat tanya yang menggunakan whose adalah:

Whose noun + verb + object + …? (jika yang ditanyakan adalah subject kalimat; Lihat contoh1&2 di bawah)

Whose noun + auxilliary/kata bantu + verb + object + …? (jika yang ditanyakan adalah object kalimat; Lihat contoh 3-4)

1. Whose car is this? (Mobil siapa ini?) = Who has this car?
2. Whose money got stolen? (Uang siapa yang dicuri?) = Who has the money that got stolen?
3. Whose book did you copy? (Buku siapa yang kamu copy?) = Who has the book (that) you copied?
4. Whose cloth are you wearing? (Bajunya siapa yang sedang kamu pakai?) = Who has the cloth (that) you are wearing?

b. Penggunaan WHOSE dalam noun clause dan adjective clause

Dalam noun clause dan adjective clause, makna whose pada prinsipnya sama dengan his, her, its, dan their.

1. I know the man whose car was parked in front of your house. (Aku tahu cowok yang mobilnya diparkir di depan rumahmu). Adjective clause. whose car = his car.
2. The juries are still debating whose performance was the best. (Para juri masih sedang berdebat performa siapa yang terbaik). Noun clause. whose performance = his/her performance.
3. Some Indonesian people have historic sculptures whose values are inestimable in their house. (Beberapa orang Indonesia punya patung-patung bersejarah yang nilainya tidak dapat diprediksi (saking mahalnya) di rumah mereka).  Adjective clause. whose values = their values.
4. We will leave the apartment whose rent will soon be sharply increased . (Kami akan meninggalkan (pindah dari) apartement yang sewanya akan segera dinaikkan secara tajam. whose rent = its rent.

NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

NOUN CLAUSE

Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina.

Example :

1.    I like what she is reading.

2.    She doesn’t know whom she loves more.

3.    I still remember what you did last summer.

4.    Whom she loves more will be happy.

5.    How the budget got in is a mystery.

6.    I do not understand how all it happened. 

7.    What she is reading is very interesting.

8.    He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.

9.    Please listen to what your teacher is saying.

10.  I never realize what a pretty girl she is.

Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:

1. Subject of the sentence

What he gets makes his family proud.

2. Direct object

I know where her house is.

3. Indirect object

The President will give whatever the Indonesia National Football Team gets an appreciation.

4. Subjective Complement

That is what you want.

5. Objective complement

They will name their dog whatever they want to.

6. Object of a prepositions

The old lady cried for whatever his husband did.

7. Appositive

John, whom i met yesterday, will be my new business partner.

8. Object of a participle

Remembering what she promised, I tried to be better.

9. Object of an infinitive

They requested me to notice what they spoke.

10. Object of a gerund

Rejecting what he wants makes me unhappy.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverbial Clause adalah clause(anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja. Adverbial clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time
- Shut the door before you go out.

- You may begin when(ever) you are ready.

- While he was walking home, he saw an accident.

- By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.

2. Clause of Place
- They sat down wherever they could find empty seats

- The guard stood where he was positioned.

- Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.

3. Clause of Contrast
- Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.

- Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.

- He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner
- He did as I told him.

- You may finish it how you like.

- They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result
- They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.

- She bought a book so (that) she could learn English

- He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect
-  It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. atau It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

-  It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. Atau It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga Relative Clause, yaitu Clause(anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan noun atau pronoun.


Example:

1.    I like the book that she is reading.

2.    She doesn’t know the one whom she loves more.

3.    I still remember the killing that you did last summer.

4.    The one whom she loves more will be happy.

5.    The killing that you did last summer will never be forgotten.

6.    The lesson that she is learning is very difficult.

7.    This is the girl whose picture you saw.

8.    The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.

9.    Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.

10. I have read the book that you just mentioned.